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ABSTRACTHigh-speed Internet seamless access is the expectation of recent technology trends. While many of the technologies like High Speed Internet Access (HSPA), Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) & Long Term evolution (LTE) are promising and meeting the expectations appropriately, ‘Digital Divide’ still exists when penetrating to the rural areas in a seamless and the cost effective way.The solution to the above situation is having a way of channeling the broadband internet on the electricity supply so that networking is carried out on power mains. Distribution of internet data on the power lines is called as HomePlug or Broadband over Power lines (BPL).Electric Broadband!, is an innovation in the recent technology trends. This technology is certainly encouraging and infrastructure cost effective model to offer broadband at high speed internet access – having penetration even into the rural areas since every home in the world is served by power lines.INTRODUCTIONRealizing how the Communications landscape is changing rapidly since the inception of Internet, Broadband Internet, as known to everyone, is a data transmission mechanism over high bandwidth channels through cables or over the air. Wireline broadband is called Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) and Wireless Broadband technologies emerging are Mobile WiMAX and Advanced LTE. However, all these technologies require much infrastructure costs to cater the needs of the general public. Hence they are mostly limited to the urban areas and the digital divide is prevailing still by internet not reaching to the masses even at rural geographies.WHAT IS ELECTRIC BROADBAND?On the contrary to the technology barriers, new innovative technology called ‘Electric Broadband’ is on the way to reach even the rural areas with NO much infrastructure costs to carry the Internet data over relatively medium/high frequency electric signals. Usually Broadband uses low-frequency electric signals to carry ordinary phone calls and higher-frequency signals to carry Internet data as we see in the ADSL technology. Electronic filters separate the two kinds of signal, with the low frequencies going to your telephone and the higher frequencies to your Internet modem. The principle behind Electric Broadband technology is fairly simple – because electricity routes over just the low-frequency portions of power lines, data packets can be streamed over higher frequencies.HOW ELECTRIC BROADBAND WORKS?Key technical concept for the data transmission of the Electric Broadband technology is devised on the fundamental concepts of Radio Frequency (RF) energy bundled on the same line that carries electric current. Since the RF and electricity vibrate on different frequencies, there will be no interference between the two and also the packets transmitted over RF are not lost due to the electrical current. Electric Broadband system consumes only a part of the complete power grid. Usually electricity power generating plants carries to transmit power to substations which then distribute the current using high-voltage transmission lines of 155K to 765K volts and these are not relevant for packet or RF transmission. Solution for the Electric Broadband technology is to bypass the substations and high-voltage wires and concentrate on the medium-voltage transmission lines which typically carries around 7,200 volts and then the transformers convert the electrical current to 240 volts – where the electrical current supplied to the households. Putting in simpler words, standard fiber optic lines are specifically designed for Internet transmissions are going to be used to carry data. These fiber optic lines will be connected to medium-voltage lines. Repeaters are installed at these junction points to repeat the data and boost the strength of the transmission. Couplers or specialized devices are also going to be installed at the transformers to provide a data link around these. After that, the digital data will be carried down the 240-volt line that connects to the residential or office building’s electrical outlets which become the final distribution point for the data.At this juncture, the residents and the enterprises have two options for Internet connectivity. They can get wireless transmitters that will wirelessly receive the signal and send the data on to computer stations or they can get Broadband over Power Lines modems for data filtering -the Electric Broadband will screen out power line noise and let only data through – then send the data onwards to the stations. The wireless transmitter or the Electric Broadband modem can transmit the signal to end-users or computer stations wirelessly (which may require WLAN-capable devices) or through wires (which require computers connected to the data transmitter or Electric Broadband over modem Ethernet cables.TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS & BUSINESS CASEElectricity being the widely spread across the global landscape including the rural areas, electric broadband is going to be a penetrating technology to reach the rural areas and breaking the digital divide in the communication space.Many benefits can be foreseen by the deployment of this technology. It is affordable because, it uses existing electrical wiring and outlets to avoid expensive data cabling pulls-save up to 75% of the infrastructure spend. It is very convenient for the end-users since every electric outlet in every room becomes Internet-enabled. Very easy to use as no software is necessary, simply “plug and play.” Technology is reliable unlike wireless solutions that suffer from hit-and-miss service coverage and moreover provides the solutions for universal coverage operating a data transmission speeds of up to 6 million bits per second connectivity.One of the best business cases will be – Power Grid Management Solution which will become very effective after realizing this Electric Broadband technology. Utilities are able to manage their systems better by having the data streamed to them on the power lines. Because this has such a benefit relating directly to the management of electricity there remains a high likelihood of electric utilities investing more money into Electric Broadband. Being able to monitor the electricity grid over the power grid network will create a virtual workforce with many less man hours needed.TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGESWhile this technology has many advantages, there are some challenges as well. RF Interference is the most serious challenge that this technology is currently impacted with. It is facing opposition from ham operators (Amateur Radio) and the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) who are concerned that Electric Broadband technology will reduce the number of radio frequencies available for ham and short-wave radio operators and that RF transmission over unshielded medium-voltage lines will cause interference with already-assigned frequencies. One another challenge is the considerable delays happening in the technology standards ratification. Transmission standards for Electric Broadband technology is emerging and yet to see draft versions released. This is further hampering efforts to have the technology adapted by more Service Providers.CONCLUSIONOn a final note, Electric Broadband is at least 2 years away from now. However, from the Google research in vendors involved, Electric Broadband is already happening to the tune of about $10 million annually. Since the technology serves a much larger audience than any of its competing technologies. With that kind of potential, it should be able to sustain a growth rate of two to three times that of either cable or telephone companies.

If you are creating a useful and effective web site promotion plan, you understand that the key to web site promotion is enhancing your web site exposure or visibility. Through this article, you are provided with 5 steps that you can take to increase web site visibility today.Start a Link Building CampaignAs part of your web site promotion efforts, as part of your attempt to increase web site visibility, you will want to consider engaging in link building. Through link building, you will be increasing the number of ways in which people can access your web siterCreate SEO Enriched Content for Your SiteAnother step that you can take when it comes to web site promotion is to write and place SEO enriched content at your website. This can be invaluable when it comes to enhancing your web site visibility.Engage in Article SubmissionThrough the article submission process — as part of your overall web site promotion efforts — you can draw further, vital attention to your website. People who read your submitted articles are more likely to want to garner more information by coming to your website.Ensure that You Site is AttractiveMake very certain that, as part of your web site promotion efforts, that your website looks great. People are more inclined to not only visit professional appearing website but they will be more inclined to refer others to that website.Create a Referral ProgramFinally, and as has been alluded to a moment ago, when it comes to web site promotion consider creating some sort of referral program. A referral program is a great way of increasing the visibility of your web site venue.

Everybody wants to look young and stay young. Unfortunately, you are thinking of yourself as young today; by tomorrow, you may not be so sure when you look more closely at yourself in the mirror. Aging is as inevitable as dying, and no one can turn back the time clock. The Creator has genetically programmed everyone to age and to die in order to ensure human mortality. What we can do is to slow down the aging process, so that we may live a little longer and have a better quality of life as we approach our inevitable end.To combat aging, we need anti-aging strategies.One of the most important anti-aging strategies is time. To slow down the aging process, time is of essence. It is important to be concerned about aging as early as possible, so that positive actions may be taken to combat aging, because the effects of aging are cumulative. Dr. Huber Warner of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) once commented: “The problems that lead to aging are cumulative, and the sooner you start correcting them, the better off you are in the long run.” So one of the most important anti-aging strategies is to start correcting problems responsible for accelerated aging as early as possible.Changing wayward lifestyle is correcting some of the problems leading to accelerated aging. Stop smoking and alcohol addiction. Cigarette smoke damages the immune system. The tar in cigarette smoke is composed of chemicals, poisons, and corrosives, such as hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide, which deprive your heart and other organ tissues of essential oxygen for optimum functioning. Remember, what is bad for the heart is also bad for the brain. A healthy brain is critical to anti-aging. Cigarette smoking is also one the major contributors to the development of autoimmune diseases resulting from a weakened and an aging immune system. Excess drinking of alcohol may lead to alcoholism, which damages the liver and the immune system. Therefore, smokers and drinkers add at least ten years or more to their calendar age.Other lifestyle changes you need to make may include sleep deprivation. Do not be a thief of time by sleeping less. Sleep deprivation may lead to insomnia and other health problems further down the road.Maintaining physical strength is one of the important anti-aging strategies. When you are physically strong, you retard the aging process. Unfortunately, physical strength declines with age. As you become less robust, you have less energy, leading to reduced physical activities and muscle weaknesses; and thus a vicious circle of inertia and reduced physical strength is formed. Immobility is the No.1 cause of accelerated aging among the elderly. Remember, it is never too late to take up weight training to increase muscle strength to slow down the aging process.Eating right is also one of the anti-aging strategies that you may adopt to retard aging. Food is a double-edge sword: it may give you health, but it may also bring about death of body cells. To stay younger and healthier for longer, eat natural and whole foods, not their processed counterparts, such as those that come in boxes or packages in the supermarket. Read food labels: if you see many ingredients other than the food itself, most likely, the food item is loaded with chemicals and preservatives. If you eat right, you become healthier, and you are less likely to see a doctor who may give you a prescription drug, which is also a toxic chemical. Periodic body detox for health maintenance not only protects but also rejuvenates the body. One of the easiest ways for body detox is fasting, which is abstinence from food for a period of time. In fasting, drink only water or juices; the objective of a fast is to give the body and its digestive system a meaningful break.Stress hormones adversely affect the immune system, leading to disease and accelerated aging. Relaxation of the body and the mind is one of the anti-aging strategies that you can acquire through practice, such as meditation. Adequate restful sleep — sleep without the aid of medication — is conducive to body and mind relaxation.Dr. Douglas Whitehead, a urologist, once said: “Giving up on sex at any age can be symbolically giving up on all of life.” In other words, maintaining sexual health at any age is also one of the natural potent ant-aging strategies to keep the body fit and the mind sound.There are, of course, many other anti-aging strategies. What is important is that you must not only look young, but also feel and act young. Do not let it become “the mind is willing, but the flesh is weak.”Stephen Lau
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